Factibilidad biológica del cultivo de los estadios tempranos del pulpito octopus tehuelchus.
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2020
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Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Departamento de Biología y Ambiente; Argentina.
Resumen
En el mundo, el cultivo de cefalópodos despierta un alto interés tanto académico como comercial. Características tales como un crecimiento rápido, ciclos de vida cortos asociados a una elevada producción de biomasa y la gran aceptación que poseen en los mercados gastronómicos, los sitúa como candidatos atractivos para la acuicultura marina. Sin embargo, los cuellos de botella vinculados a los estadios tempranos de desarrollo resultan limitantes para el avance del cultivo. El “pulpito” Octopus tehuelchus (d’Orbigny 1834) es una especie endémica de Sudamérica, cuyo ciclo de vida es bentónico y poco se sabe de sus estadios tempranos. Enmarcado en el proyecto de estudiar la factibilidad de cultivo de esta especie, el objetivo general de esta tesis es determinar los parámetros biológicos y las tecnologías asociadas para el cultivo de las fases tempranas de desarrollo de O.
tehuelchus. Considerando que en los cefalópodos la temperatura es el factor principal que modula la embriogénesis, como primer objetivo se planteó evaluar el efecto de distintos regímenes térmicos de incubación en la duración de la embriogénesis y en la supervivencia embrionaria, como así también en el desempeño (supervivencia y variaciones morfológicas) de los juveniles. Para esta experiencia se utilizaron puestas de huevos incubadas artificialmente a 13° y 16 °C en condiciones controladas de acuario; una vez eclosionados, los juveniles se mantuvieron en inanición a las mismas temperaturas. Los resultados mostraron que a 16 °C la duración de la embriogénesis fue en promedio de 101 días y a 13 °C fue de 186 días. En ambos tratamientos térmicos, las mayores mortalidades se registraron hasta comenzar la organogénesis y no se observaron diferencias significativas en el éxito de eclosión (promedio 64 %). Por otra parte se observó que, a 16 °C, los juveniles fueron de mayor tamaño al momento de la eclosión pero con una sobrevida en inanición menor que los juveniles mantenidos a 13 °C. El patrón de cromatóforos de los juveniles fue el mismo para ambos tratamientos térmicos y distintivo de las otras especies costeras de pulpos. En las crías de cefalópodos existe un período de ransición crítico en el cual el sistema digestivo, más precisamente la glándula digestiva (GD), sufre cambios asociados al paso del consumo de las reservas vitelinas a una alimentación exógena. Así, como segundo objetivo se planteó determinar los cambios morfofisiológicos asociados al sistema digestivo que ocurren durante el período post eclosión. Para este objetivo se evaluaron los cambios citológicos y enzimáticos de la GD junto con la variación en tamaño de juveniles sometidos a dos tratamientos alimentarios: alimentados con isópodos Exosphaeroma sp. y en inanición, ambos a 16 °C. En los dos tratamientos, durante los primeros 6 días los juveniles no mostraron crecimiento somático ni diferenciación celular de la GD, pero sí una activación de las enzimas ácidas. En los juveniles alimentados, luego de la primera semana y hasta el día 25, se registró un aumento progresivo en el tamaño y en el peso, como así también la maduración total de la GD y la máxima actividad de las enzimas alcalinas. En contraposición, los juveniles en inanición no presentaron crecimiento somático ni diferenciación celular en la GD. Además, se observó una baja actividad de las enzimas relacionadas con el consumo de vitelo, aun teniendo plaquetas de vitelo disponibles. En las etapas de pre-engorde y engorde los principales desafíos se centran en producir un alimento formulado que supla las dietas naturales; así, como último objetivo se planteó estimar las tasas de crecimiento e índices bioenergéticos de los juveniles de O. tehuelchus bajo diferentes dietas. Para este ensayo se utilizaron juveniles mantenidos a 16 °C sometidos a dos dietas: isópodos Exosphaeroma sp. y alimento formulado (pasta semi-húmeda). Los juveniles alimentados con isópodos mostraron un incremento en peso promedio de 431 % al finalizar el tratamiento, mientras que los alimentados con pasta no presentaron crecimiento alguno. Si bien en ambos tratamientos los juveniles se alimentaron, los ejemplares que consumieron isópodos presentaron una mayor ingesta de alimento, con tasas de crecimiento positivas y una asimilación del alimento ingerido del 46 %. Al finalizar los experimentos, a los 84 días de edad, la mortalidad total de los juveniles fue de 44,8 % y del 100 % para los juveniles alimentados con isópodos y con pasta, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la temperatura es un factor modulador de la embriogénesis y del desempeño de los juveniles. Desde un punto de vista ecológico, los embriones y juveniles de O. tehuelchus contarían con mecanismos adaptativos que les permitirían sobrevivir a las fluctuaciones de temperatura en las aguas de Patagonia Norte. Desde un punto de vista de cultivo, trabajar dentro del rango térmico utilizado permitiría programar la obtención de juveniles viables a diferentes tiempos. Por otro lado, la ingesta de isópodos pareciera actuar como un alimento desencadenante y regulador de la maduración y dinámica digestiva; y cumpliría con los requerimientos nutricionales de las etapas tempranas de los juveniles. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis muestran que los estadios tempranos de desarrollo son factibles de ser cultivados bajo las condiciones ensayadas. No obstante, será necesario desarrollar alimentos formulados de bajo costo que suplan el alimento vivo y permitan escalar las distintas etapas del cultivo de O. tehuelchus.
Worldwide, the culture of cephalopods arouses a high academic and commercial interest. Characteristics such as rapid growth, short life cycles associated with high biomass production and their great acceptance in gastronomic markets make cephalopods attractive candidates for marine aquaculture. However, the bottlenecks linked to the early stages of development limit the advancement of their culture. Octopus tehuelchus (d’Orbigny 1834) is an endemic species from South America with a benthic life cycle and little is known about its early stages. In the context of studying the culture feasibility for this species, the general objective of this thesis is to determine the biological parameters and associated technologies for the cultivation of O. tehuelchus early developmental phases. Considering that in cephalopods temperature is the main factor modulating embryogenesis, the first objective was to determine the effect of different thermal incubation regimes on embryogenesis and embryos’ survival, and to evaluate the performance (survival and morphological variations) of juveniles. For this experience, egg clutches artificially incubated at 13° and 16 °C under controlled aquarium conditions were studied and, once hatched, the juveniles were kept starved within the same temperatures. The results showed that at 16 °C the duration of embryogenesis was on average 101 days and at 13 °C it was 186 days. In both thermal treatments, the highest mortalities were recorded until organogenesis began and no significant differences were observed in hatching success (mean 64 %). Moreover, it was observed that at 16 °C, the newborn juveniles were larger but with less survival time in starvation than the juveniles kept at 13 °C. The juveniles chromatophore pattern was the same for both thermal treatments and distinctive from the other coastal octopus’ species. In cephalopod hatchlings there is a transitional period considered critical, in which the digestive system, particularly the digestive gland (DG), undergoes morphophysiological changes associated with the passage from the consumption of vitelline reserves to an independent feeding. Thereby, the second objective was to determine the morphophysiological changes associated to the digestive system during the early post hatching period. In this experiment, juveniles were kept at 16 °C and fed with Exopshaeroma sp. or in starvation. In both treatments, during the first 6 days, the juveniles did not show somatic growth or cell differentiation of the DG, but an activation of acid enzymes occurred. In the juveniles fed with isopods, after the first week and up to day 25, a progressive increase in size and weight was recorded, as well as the total maturation of the DG and the maximum activity of the alkaline enzymes. In contrast, starved juveniles did not show somatic growth nor cell differentiation in the DG. In addition, a low activity of the enzymes related to yolk consumption was observed, even though yolk platelets were available. During pre-fattening and fattening stages, the main challenge is producing a formulated food that replace natural diets; thus, the third objective is to estimate juveniles’ growth rates and bioenergetics indices under two different diets. Regarding this experiment, juveniles were kept at 16 °C and studied under two dietary treatments: isopods Exosphaeroma sp. and formulated food (semi-moist paste). The juveniles fed with isopods showed an average weight increase of 431 % at the end of the treatment, while the juveniles fed with the formulated food did not show any growth, reflected in their negative growth rates. Although in both treatments the juveniles fed, the specimens that consumed isopods presented a higher total food intake, obtaining positive growth rates and an assimilation of ingested food of 46 %. Total mortality was 44.8 % and 100 % for juveniles fed with isopods and formulated food, respectively. In general terms, temperature is a modulating factor of embryogenesis and juveniles’ performance. From an ecological point of view, the embryos and juveniles of O. tehuelchus would have adaptive mechanisms that would allow them to survive temperature fluctuations in Northern Patagonia waters. From a culture point of view, working within the thermal range used would allow programming the procurance of viable juveniles at different times. Furthermore, the ingestion of isopods seems to act as a triggering and regulating element of the digestive dynamics and of the maturation processes; besides, this isopod species would meet the nutritional requirements of the early stages of juveniles. The results of this thesis show that the early stages of development can be cultivated under the conditions tested. However, it is necessary to develop low cost formulated foods that replace live food and allow its cultivation at different scales.
Worldwide, the culture of cephalopods arouses a high academic and commercial interest. Characteristics such as rapid growth, short life cycles associated with high biomass production and their great acceptance in gastronomic markets make cephalopods attractive candidates for marine aquaculture. However, the bottlenecks linked to the early stages of development limit the advancement of their culture. Octopus tehuelchus (d’Orbigny 1834) is an endemic species from South America with a benthic life cycle and little is known about its early stages. In the context of studying the culture feasibility for this species, the general objective of this thesis is to determine the biological parameters and associated technologies for the cultivation of O. tehuelchus early developmental phases. Considering that in cephalopods temperature is the main factor modulating embryogenesis, the first objective was to determine the effect of different thermal incubation regimes on embryogenesis and embryos’ survival, and to evaluate the performance (survival and morphological variations) of juveniles. For this experience, egg clutches artificially incubated at 13° and 16 °C under controlled aquarium conditions were studied and, once hatched, the juveniles were kept starved within the same temperatures. The results showed that at 16 °C the duration of embryogenesis was on average 101 days and at 13 °C it was 186 days. In both thermal treatments, the highest mortalities were recorded until organogenesis began and no significant differences were observed in hatching success (mean 64 %). Moreover, it was observed that at 16 °C, the newborn juveniles were larger but with less survival time in starvation than the juveniles kept at 13 °C. The juveniles chromatophore pattern was the same for both thermal treatments and distinctive from the other coastal octopus’ species. In cephalopod hatchlings there is a transitional period considered critical, in which the digestive system, particularly the digestive gland (DG), undergoes morphophysiological changes associated with the passage from the consumption of vitelline reserves to an independent feeding. Thereby, the second objective was to determine the morphophysiological changes associated to the digestive system during the early post hatching period. In this experiment, juveniles were kept at 16 °C and fed with Exopshaeroma sp. or in starvation. In both treatments, during the first 6 days, the juveniles did not show somatic growth or cell differentiation of the DG, but an activation of acid enzymes occurred. In the juveniles fed with isopods, after the first week and up to day 25, a progressive increase in size and weight was recorded, as well as the total maturation of the DG and the maximum activity of the alkaline enzymes. In contrast, starved juveniles did not show somatic growth nor cell differentiation in the DG. In addition, a low activity of the enzymes related to yolk consumption was observed, even though yolk platelets were available. During pre-fattening and fattening stages, the main challenge is producing a formulated food that replace natural diets; thus, the third objective is to estimate juveniles’ growth rates and bioenergetics indices under two different diets. Regarding this experiment, juveniles were kept at 16 °C and studied under two dietary treatments: isopods Exosphaeroma sp. and formulated food (semi-moist paste). The juveniles fed with isopods showed an average weight increase of 431 % at the end of the treatment, while the juveniles fed with the formulated food did not show any growth, reflected in their negative growth rates. Although in both treatments the juveniles fed, the specimens that consumed isopods presented a higher total food intake, obtaining positive growth rates and an assimilation of ingested food of 46 %. Total mortality was 44.8 % and 100 % for juveniles fed with isopods and formulated food, respectively. In general terms, temperature is a modulating factor of embryogenesis and juveniles’ performance. From an ecological point of view, the embryos and juveniles of O. tehuelchus would have adaptive mechanisms that would allow them to survive temperature fluctuations in Northern Patagonia waters. From a culture point of view, working within the thermal range used would allow programming the procurance of viable juveniles at different times. Furthermore, the ingestion of isopods seems to act as a triggering and regulating element of the digestive dynamics and of the maturation processes; besides, this isopod species would meet the nutritional requirements of the early stages of juveniles. The results of this thesis show that the early stages of development can be cultivated under the conditions tested. However, it is necessary to develop low cost formulated foods that replace live food and allow its cultivation at different scales.
Descripción
Palabras clave
CEFALOPODOS, BIOMASA, ACUICULTURA MARINA
Citación
Braga, Ramiro. (2022). Factibilidad biológica del cultivo de los estadios tempranos del pulpito octopus tehuelchus. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.