Diversidad genética de poblaciones naturales de prosopis denudans; especie de importancia ecológica en patagonia.
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2022
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Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud.
Resumen
Prosopis denudans Bentham es una leguminosa endémica de Patagonia perfectamente adaptada a la estepa arbustiva semidesértica. Su importancia ecológica es fundamental en la prevención de la desertificación, por su capacidad de crecer en suelos arenosos y/o salinos que permite utilizarla para el control de la erosión y recuperación de suelos empobrecidos en regiones áridas y semiáridas. Se propone en esta tesis determinar la variabilidad genética de ocho sitios de procedencia de P. denudans y su relación con el ambiente, en un muestreo realizado dentro su área de distribución, mediante el empleo conjunto de 15 marcadores morfométricos y 8 marcadores moleculares, del tipo microsatélites (funcionales y neutros) diseñados en P. alba, P. chilensis y P. flexuosa. El área de distribución de la población global, se corresponde con la región austral de la Diagonal Árida Argentina, en un paisaje de geoformas suaves y altitudes que decrecen hacia el Este y oscilan entre 1030 y 188 msnm. Los suelos fueron analizados físico-químicamente en el laboratorio y resultaron de Orden Aridisol y Entisol, con predominio de arena, alcalinos, con baja salinidad, bajo % CO, con pobre a muy pobre % MO y altamente desprovistos de N y no se detectaron grupos o clases según los sitios, que evidencien una morfometría o agrupamiento genético particular de las plantas. Los microsatélites se lograron transferir exitosamente y resultaron genéticamente independientes en cada población. Fue posible detectar una elevada riqueza alélica, alelos privados en algunas subpoblaciones, elevada heterosigosidad observada y esperada, dependiendo del marcador genético y población y cierto grado de endogamia en cinco de las ocho subpoblaciones (FIS c/corrección alelos nulos: 0,006-0,547). A una escala fina, se pudo detectar estructura genética espacial en solo dos subpoblaciones, generada por el apareamiento por proximidad cuando las distancias fueron menores. Entre las subpoblaciones de P. denudans se observó una diferenciación genética baja (FST c/corrección alelos nulos: 0,006 y 0,116) evidenciando alto flujo génico, que podría ser producto del traslado e intercambio por los grupos de cazadores-recolectores de Patagonia, de habito nómade, a partir del Holoceno tardío. Basado en el análisis de los datos morfométricos de las plantas, no se detectó estructuración en las subpoblaciones, del mismo modo que cuando se utilizaron conjuntamente los datos morfométricos y genéticos mediante DAPC, sin incluir información a priori de las localizaciones geográficas. Los análisis realizados sugieren que no hay estructuración genética importante de la población global de P. denudans estudiada, que la variación genética entre subpoblaciones fue de 9 %, estando la mayor variación dentro de las mismas (91 %) y que los marcadores empleados fueron útiles para describir la variabilidad de esta especie. El conocimiento de la distribución de la diversidad y las áreas de endemismo es fundamental para proponer una regionalización biogeográfica adecuada, que constituya a su vez la base para diseñar una estrategia que permita el uso sustentable y conservación de la biodiversidad.
Prosopis denudans Bentham is a legume endemic to Patagonia perfectly adapted to the semi-desert shrubby steppe. Its ecological importance is fundamental in the prevention of desertification, due to its ability to grow in sandy and/or saline soils, which allows it to be used for erosion control and recovery of impoverished soils in arid and semi-arid regions. This thesis proposes to determine the genetic variability of eight places of P. denudans and its relationship with the environment, sampling within its distribution area, using 15 morphometric markers and 8 molecular markers, like microsatellites (functional and neutral) designed in P. alba, P. chilensis and P. flexuosa. The area of distribution of the global population corresponds to the southern region of the Argentine’s Arid Diagonal, in a landscape of smooth geoforms and altitudes decreasing towards the East and ranging between 1030 and 188 masl. The soils were analyzed physicochemically in the laboratory and they were of the Order Aridisol and Entisol, with a predominantly sandy, alkaline, with low salinity, low % CO, with poor to very poor % OM and highly devoid of N. No site-specific groups or classes were detected, suggesting no particular morphometry or genetic grouping of the plants. Microsatellites were successfully transferred and were genetically independent in each population. It was possible to detect a high allelic richness, private alleles in some subpopulations, high observed and expected heterosigosity, depending on the genetic marker and population, and a some degree of inbreeding in five of the eight subpopulations (FIS w/null allele correction: 0.006-0.547). At a fine scale, spatial genetic structure could be detected in only two subpopulations, generated by proximity mating when distances were smaller. Among the subpopulations of P. denudans, a low genetic differentiation was observed (FST w/null alleles correction: 0.006 and 0.116) evidencing high gene flow, which could be the product of transfer and exchange by groups of hunter-gatherers from Patagonia, of habit nomadic, from the late Holocene. From the analysis of plant morphometric data, no subpopulation structuring was detected, as when morphometric and genetic data were used together by DAPC, without including a priori information on geographic locations. Analyses suggest that there is no significant genetic structuring of the overall P. denudans population studied, that genetic variation between subpopulations was 9 %, with the greatest variation within subpopulations (91 %), and that the markers used were useful for describing the variability of this species. Knowledge of the distribution of diversity and areas of endemism is essential to propose an adequate biogeographical regionalization, which in turn constitutes the basis for designing a strategy that allows the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity.
Prosopis denudans Bentham is a legume endemic to Patagonia perfectly adapted to the semi-desert shrubby steppe. Its ecological importance is fundamental in the prevention of desertification, due to its ability to grow in sandy and/or saline soils, which allows it to be used for erosion control and recovery of impoverished soils in arid and semi-arid regions. This thesis proposes to determine the genetic variability of eight places of P. denudans and its relationship with the environment, sampling within its distribution area, using 15 morphometric markers and 8 molecular markers, like microsatellites (functional and neutral) designed in P. alba, P. chilensis and P. flexuosa. The area of distribution of the global population corresponds to the southern region of the Argentine’s Arid Diagonal, in a landscape of smooth geoforms and altitudes decreasing towards the East and ranging between 1030 and 188 masl. The soils were analyzed physicochemically in the laboratory and they were of the Order Aridisol and Entisol, with a predominantly sandy, alkaline, with low salinity, low % CO, with poor to very poor % OM and highly devoid of N. No site-specific groups or classes were detected, suggesting no particular morphometry or genetic grouping of the plants. Microsatellites were successfully transferred and were genetically independent in each population. It was possible to detect a high allelic richness, private alleles in some subpopulations, high observed and expected heterosigosity, depending on the genetic marker and population, and a some degree of inbreeding in five of the eight subpopulations (FIS w/null allele correction: 0.006-0.547). At a fine scale, spatial genetic structure could be detected in only two subpopulations, generated by proximity mating when distances were smaller. Among the subpopulations of P. denudans, a low genetic differentiation was observed (FST w/null alleles correction: 0.006 and 0.116) evidencing high gene flow, which could be the product of transfer and exchange by groups of hunter-gatherers from Patagonia, of habit nomadic, from the late Holocene. From the analysis of plant morphometric data, no subpopulation structuring was detected, as when morphometric and genetic data were used together by DAPC, without including a priori information on geographic locations. Analyses suggest that there is no significant genetic structuring of the overall P. denudans population studied, that genetic variation between subpopulations was 9 %, with the greatest variation within subpopulations (91 %), and that the markers used were useful for describing the variability of this species. Knowledge of the distribution of diversity and areas of endemism is essential to propose an adequate biogeographical regionalization, which in turn constitutes the basis for designing a strategy that allows the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity.
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REGIONES ARIDAS, DESERTIFICACION, PROSOPIS DENUDANS BENTHAM
Citación
Pentreath, Vivien. (2022). Diversidad genética de poblaciones naturales de prosopis denudans; especie de importancia ecológica en patagonia. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.