Dinámica en un dormidero de cóndor andino (Vultur gryphus) en relación a la percepción de pobladores en el noroeste de la provincia del Chubut, República Argentina
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2023
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Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Departamento de Biología y Ambiente.
Resumen
El cóndor andino (Vultur grypus) es una especie gregaria que se alimenta y descansa en grupo. Los dormideros comunales, llamados condoreras, son roquedales que utilizan los cóndores para descanso diurno y pernocte. En ellas se pueden concentrar un gran número de individuos y son sitios adecuados para estimar parámetros poblacionales. El primer objetivo de la presente tesis consistió en analizar un dormidero de cóndor andino con el propósito de determinar la abundancia de cóndores, la estructura de edades y el patrón de actividad. Para esto se realizaron censos basados en observaciones directas de los ejemplares presentes. El estudio constó de 24 días de observación durante las estaciones primavera y verano, donde se registraron todos los cóndores posados en el dormidero cada una hora, desde el amanecer hasta el anochecer. Se describió la abundancia diaria máxima de cóndores que emplean el dormidero, utilizando el último censo del día. Se caracterizó el uso de éste en relación a factores climáticos, estableciéndose patrones de ausencia/presencia de individuos frente a diferentes condiciones climáticas. La cantidad de machos resultó significativamente mayor a la de hembras en individuos adultos; caso contrario en inmaduros, donde las hembras resultaron más abundantes. La proporción de adultos fue significativamente mayor que la de inmaduros. Se estableció un patrón diario de uso del dormidero que se caracterizó por presentar máximos números medios de cóndores durante la mañana y hacia el anochecer, con mínimos medios de ejemplares al mediodía. Se encontró una marcada estacionalidad en cuanto a los números de cóndores observados. En este sentido, el número medio fue significativamente mayor en primavera que en verano. Dentro de las variables climáticas registradas durante el censo (temperatura, precipitación, viento y nubosidad) la única que obtuvo una relación significativa fue la temperatura, observándose que a medida que ésta aumentaba la presencia de cóndores en el dormidero era menor. El cóndor andino ha sido clasificado a nivel mundial como Casi Amenazado (IUCN, 2019) y sus poblaciones están disminuyendo drásticamente en toda su área de distribución. Uno de los aspectos que más contribuye a la vulnerabilidad del cóndor se vincula con la percepción que tienen gran parte de los productores ganaderos, quienes lo consideran una especie depredadora que ataca al ganado. En este contexto, el segundo objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar los conflictos que perciben los habitantes rurales hacia el cóndor y el gremio de aves carroñeras. Para ello, se realizaron 40 encuestas en el oeste de la provincia de Chubut con el fin de analizar la percepción de los habitantes rurales y, así, identificar los conflictos presentes entre las aves carroñeras y la práctica ganadera. La mayoría de las personas manifestaron una percepción 4 negativa de las aves carroñeras, incluido el cóndor. Prácticamente todos afirmaron que el ganado afectado era sólo el ovino, pero a su vez las pérdidas eran muy pocas. La mayor parte de los encuestados admitieron conocer gente que utiliza medidas de control letal contra las aves carroñeras y, un dato alarmante, fue la cantidad de personas que utilizan cebos tóxicos para combatir a los depredadores del ganado. Si bien, explicaban que el veneno iba dirigido a mamíferos como zorros y pumas, en muchos casos, terminaba afectando también a las aves carroñeras. Por otro lado, más de la mitad de los ganaderos reconocieron que las aves carroñeras tienen un rol ecológico importante al limpiar los campos de posibles focos de infección. El presente trabajo contribuye con información de referencia para la especie en la provincia del Chubut, donde no existen estudios que describan sobre sus poblaciones, como así tampoco la percepción que los habitantes rurales tienen sobre ella.
The Andean condor (Vultur grypus) is a gregarious species that feeds and rests in groups. The communal roosts, called condoreras, are rocky areas used by the condors for daytime and overnight rest. A large number of individuals can be concentrated in them, and they are adequate places to estimate population parameters. The first objective of this thesis was to analyze an Andean condor roost in order to determine condor abundance, age structure and activity pattern. For this, censuses were carried out based on direct observations of the specimens present. The study consisted of 24 days of observation during the spring and summer seasons, where all the condors perched on the roost were recorded every hour, from dawn to dusk (as a synonym, last hour). The maximum daily abundance of condors using the roost was described, using the last census of the day. It´s use was characterized in relation to climatic factors, establishing patterns of absence/presence of individuals under different climatic conditions. The number of males was significantly higher than that of females in adult individuals; opposite case in immatures, where the females were more abundant. The proportion of adults was significantly higher than that of immatures. A daily pattern of use of the roost was established, characterized by maximum mean numbers of condors during the morning and towards evening, with minimum mean numbers at noon. A marked seasonality was found in the number of condors observed. The mean number was significantly higher in spring than in summer. Within the climatic variables recorded during the census (temperature, precipitation, wind, and cloudiness) the only one that obtained a significant relationship was temperature, I found that the presence of condors in the roost was lower. The Andean condor has been classified globally as Near Threatened (IUCN, 2019) and its populations are declining drastically throughout its range. One of the aspects that most contributing the most to vulnerability is linked to the perception that a large part of livestock producers has, who consider it a predatory species that attacks livestock. In this context, the second objective of this study was to identify the conflicts that rural residents perceive towards the condor and the guild of scavenger birds. For this, 40 surveys were carried out in western Chubut province, in order to analyze the perception of rural workers and, thus, identify 6 the conflicts between scavenging birds and livestock farming. Most people expressed a negative perception of scavenger birds, including condors. Almost all people claimed that only sheep were affected, but in turn the losses were very few. Most of the respondents admitted to knowing people who use lethal control measures against scavenging birds and, one alarming fact, was the number of people using toxic baits to fight against combat livestock predators. Although they explained poison was directed at mammals such as foxes and cougars, in many cases, it ended up affecting scavenger birds as well. On the other hand, more than half of the ranchers recognized that scavenging birds have an important ecological role by cleaning the fields of possible sources of infection. The present work contributes with basic information for the species in Chubut province, where there are no studies describing condor populations, nor the perception that field workers have about them.
The Andean condor (Vultur grypus) is a gregarious species that feeds and rests in groups. The communal roosts, called condoreras, are rocky areas used by the condors for daytime and overnight rest. A large number of individuals can be concentrated in them, and they are adequate places to estimate population parameters. The first objective of this thesis was to analyze an Andean condor roost in order to determine condor abundance, age structure and activity pattern. For this, censuses were carried out based on direct observations of the specimens present. The study consisted of 24 days of observation during the spring and summer seasons, where all the condors perched on the roost were recorded every hour, from dawn to dusk (as a synonym, last hour). The maximum daily abundance of condors using the roost was described, using the last census of the day. It´s use was characterized in relation to climatic factors, establishing patterns of absence/presence of individuals under different climatic conditions. The number of males was significantly higher than that of females in adult individuals; opposite case in immatures, where the females were more abundant. The proportion of adults was significantly higher than that of immatures. A daily pattern of use of the roost was established, characterized by maximum mean numbers of condors during the morning and towards evening, with minimum mean numbers at noon. A marked seasonality was found in the number of condors observed. The mean number was significantly higher in spring than in summer. Within the climatic variables recorded during the census (temperature, precipitation, wind, and cloudiness) the only one that obtained a significant relationship was temperature, I found that the presence of condors in the roost was lower. The Andean condor has been classified globally as Near Threatened (IUCN, 2019) and its populations are declining drastically throughout its range. One of the aspects that most contributing the most to vulnerability is linked to the perception that a large part of livestock producers has, who consider it a predatory species that attacks livestock. In this context, the second objective of this study was to identify the conflicts that rural residents perceive towards the condor and the guild of scavenger birds. For this, 40 surveys were carried out in western Chubut province, in order to analyze the perception of rural workers and, thus, identify 6 the conflicts between scavenging birds and livestock farming. Most people expressed a negative perception of scavenger birds, including condors. Almost all people claimed that only sheep were affected, but in turn the losses were very few. Most of the respondents admitted to knowing people who use lethal control measures against scavenging birds and, one alarming fact, was the number of people using toxic baits to fight against combat livestock predators. Although they explained poison was directed at mammals such as foxes and cougars, in many cases, it ended up affecting scavenger birds as well. On the other hand, more than half of the ranchers recognized that scavenging birds have an important ecological role by cleaning the fields of possible sources of infection. The present work contributes with basic information for the species in Chubut province, where there are no studies describing condor populations, nor the perception that field workers have about them.
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Palabras clave
ETOLOGÍA, AVES, CÓNDOR ANDINO, VULTUR GRYPHUS
Citación
García Plandolit, Tomás Francisco. (2023). Dinámica en un dormidero de cóndor andino (Vultur gryphus) en relación a la percepción de pobladores en el noroeste de la provincia del Chubut, República Argentina. Tesis de grado. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.