Contaminación por efluentes urbanos en el Golfo San Jorge, Argentina: Caracterización ambiental y efectos en la estructura de comunidades macrozoobentónicas intermareales.
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2020
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Universidad de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud.
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La actividad antropogénica sobre el borde costero afecta el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas costeros y en particular la franja del intermareal. Las descargas de aguas residuales constituyen un factor estresante importante para las comunidades marinas en muchos sistemas intermareales de todo el mundo. Los desagües cloacales con escaso o nulo tratamiento que son descargados al mar, liberan una gran variedad y cantidad de patógenos microbianos poniendo en riesgo a la población. Los ecosistemas costeros patagónicos son altamente productivos, y en especial en el Golfo San Jorge se identifican vertidos de efluentes urbanos con escaso o nulo tratamiento, los cuales pueden interferir con otras actividades productivas como la maricultura y pesca artesanal de peces y moluscos. Si bien existen normativas al respecto, éstas no están bien controladas por los organismos reguladores. La exposición del bentos a ciertos contaminantes puede ser imperceptible a simple vista pero estar produciendo grandes cambios a nivel comunidad, alterando interacciones ecológicas. Del mismo modo, existe un riesgo potencial para la salud de los habitantes locales que extraen diversas especies de invertebrados bentónicos para su consumo (por ejemplo, mejillón, cholga, pulpo colorado, entre otros). En las costas rocosas del golfo San Jorge el mejillín del sur Perumytilus purpuratus (en el mesolitoral), y el alga coralinácea Corallina officinalis (en el infralitoral) proporcionan un hábitat con alta complejidad estructural en el cual conviven una gran diversidad de invertebrados. Un cambio en la composición de las especies podría estar indicando un deterioro del ambiente como consecuencia de aportes de efluentes urbanos. Es por este motivo que es necesario no solo evaluar los efectos negativos de la contaminación que impactan directamente en la macrofauna costera, sino también, aportar herramientas que puedan ser utilizadas para la mitigación. Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es el estudio de los efectos de la contaminación por efluentes urbanos sobre la estructura de las comunidades macrozoobentónicas del intermareal rocoso de la costa central del golfo San Jorge. Del cual se desprenden una serie de objetivos que fueron evaluados en cada capítulo. En el capítulo I se examina la calidad del agua de mar y la contaminación bacteriológica en las costas rocosas del golfo de San Jorge. Además, se explora su variabilidad espacial y estacional entre múltiples sitios y horizontes del intermareal. A partir de análisis de muestras de agua de mar se observó que los sitios impactados presentan una reducción de la salinidad, valores más altos de nutrientes (nitratos y fosfatos) y turbidez en el agua de mar. Se detectó que los sitios impactados presentaron valores de medias geométricas de indicadores bacteriológicos de agua de mar hasta diez veces superiores al límite legal permitido, tanto para el uso recreativo del agua marina, como para las áreas de recolección de mariscos en la mayor parte del año. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la calidad del agua y los indicadores bacteriológicos variaron a lo largo de un gradiente de altura intermareal, con una difusión relativamente baja de los contaminantes hacia los horizontes más bajos. En el capítulo II se evalúa el efecto de los efluentes urbanos en la diversidad, la abundancia y la biomasa de las comunidades en diferentes niveles del intermareal del golfo San Jorge; y se examinan las diferencias en la dominancia de especies entre las comunidades de sitios de referencia y sitios impactados en diferentes horizontes del intermareal rocoso. Los resultados obtenidos de este análisis evidenciaron que en la costa central del golfo San Jorge, la diversidad y la estructura de las comunidades, se vieron afectadas por las descargas de efluentes urbanos y los efectos son diferentes en cada horizonte según las comunidades que allí habitan. Se encontró una disminución significativa de la diversidad de especies en las restingas contaminadas y un cambio en el patrón de las abundancias de individuos: el horizonte mesolitoral medio (HMM) parecería ser el más afectado, en coincidencia con el mayor aporte de aguas residuales debido a la desembocadura de emisarios urbanos. En este horizonte la riqueza de especies se vio levemente disminuida y la uniformidad aumentada en los sitios impactados. Resultados similares fueron observados en el horizonte mesolitoral inferior (HMI) en donde los sitios impactados presentaron una menor riqueza de especies y de especies abundantes con respecto a los sitios de referencia. En el horizonte infralitoral superior (HIS) la perturbación fue menor, pero perceptible: presentó la mayor riqueza de especies y mayor número de especies abundantes en todos los sitios. Por último, en el capítulo III se analizan las variaciones espaciales en la estructura y composición de la macrofauna del intermareal rocoso y su relación con variables ambientales y efluentes urbanos. Además, se evalúa el efecto de los efluentes urbanos en la abundancia y biomasa de los taxones que conforman las comunidades de los principales biotopos del intermareal rocoso del golfo San Jorge. Por otro lado, se busca detectar diferencias en la dominancia de especies entre las comunidades de sitios de referencia y sitios impactados en diferentes horizontes del intermareal rocoso; y explorar posibles taxones de invertebrados bentónicos que podrían usarse como especies indicadoras para detectar presencia, o ausencia de impacto producido por aguas residuales. En este capítulo se ha encontrado que el disturbio afecta las abundancias y las biomasas relativas de los taxones que allí habitan. Estos cambios son diferentes según el horizonte de marea en el que se encuentran y las playas de sitios impactados presentan mayor heterogeneidad intra-ambiental que las playas no impactadas. Tambien se evidencia que el disturbio provocado por la presencia de efluentes urbanos afecta la abundancia y la biomasa de los bancos de Perumytilus purpuratus y se observó una disminución de la riqueza de especies en los sitios impactados. Se evidencia una pérdida de la matriz de los bancos de Perumytilus purpuratus y de las comunidades asociadas, y un reemplazo por especies oportunistas como Balanus glandula y poliquetos del género Boccardia. En el HMI el mejillón Mytilus edulis platensis aporta a la diferenciación de los sitios impactados tanto en la abundancia como en biomasa. Por el contrario, Siphonaria lessoni y Anasterias minuta se ven afectadas negativamente por el disturbio. En el HIS la especie que más aporta a la diferenciación de sitios es Aulacomya atra, seguida por M. edulis platensis que en este horizonte alcanza una mayor biomasa en los sitios de referencia. Asimismo, se observa que a pesar de la heterogeneidad que hay entre sitios en las playas impactadas hay un cambio en el patrón de la densidad y de la biomasa del ingeniero ecosistémico con respecto a sitios de referencia, como consecuencia del aporte de aguas residuales. Y aunque la heterogeneidad se vio aumentada en los sitios impactados del HIS, la biomasa de Corallina officinalis parece no tener un patrón claro entre sitios impactados y sitios de referencia. No obstante, la abundancia y la biomasa de invertebrados se vieron disminuidas en los sitios con presencia de efluentes urbanos. El mejillín del sur parecería ser un buen indicador de impacto ambiental en la costa central del golfo San Jorge, aunque debe considerarse tanto la abundancia como la biomasa de la especie. Además, el estado de los bancos de Perumytilus purpuratus reflejaría la diversidad de la comunidad asociada.
The anthropogenic activity affects the functioning of coastal ecosystems, in particular the intertidal zone. A major stressor for marine communities in many intertidal systems worldwide is the discharge of wastewater. Sewage drains with little or no treatment that is discharged into the sea, release a great variety and quantity of microbial pathogens, increasing the health risk. The Patagonian coastal ecosystems are highly productive, and especially in the San Jorge Gulf, urban effluent discharges with little or no treatment are identified, which can interfere with other productive activities such as mariculture and artisanal fishing of fish and molluscs. Although there are regulations in this regard, they are not well controlled by regulatory bodies. Exposure of benthos to certain pollutants may be undetectable to the naked eye, but it is producing considerable changes at the community level, altering ecological interactions. Similarly, there is a potential risk to the health of local inhabitants who extract various species of benthic invertebrates for consumption (e.g. mussel, red octopus, among others). On the rocky shores of the San Jorge Gulf, the southern mussel Perumytilus purpuratus (in the mid-littoral fringe), and the coralline alga Corallina officinalis (in the upper infra littoral fringe) provide a habitat with high structural complexity in which a great diversity of invertebrates coexist. A change in the composition of the species could be indicating a deterioration of the environment as a consequence of the contributions of urban effluents. It is for this reason that it is necessary not only to evaluate the negative effects of pollution that have a direct impact on the coastal macrofauna but also to provide tools that can be used for mitigation. Therefore, the general aim of this doctoral thesis is the study of the effects of pollution by urban effluents on the structure of macrozoobentonic communities of the rocky intertidal area of the central coast of the San Jorge Gulf. From which a series of objectives emerge that were assessed in each chapter. Chapter I examines the quality of sea water and bacteriological contamination on the rocky shores of the San Jorge Gulf. Besides, between multiple sites and coastal zones is explored its spatial and seasonal variability. Seawater quality of impacted sites generally showed a reduction of salinity, higher values of nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) and turbidity. The reduction of salinity was even more severe during the austral autumn at the impacted sites indicating a strong contribution of rainwater collected by the sewage system during this season. The impacted sites, presented geometric mean values of seawater bacteriological indicators up to ten times higher than the legal limit allowed, both for the recreational use of seawater and for the shellfish collection areas in most of the year. Variations of physico-chemical proprieties of water quality and bacteriological indicators along a gradient of intertidal height suggest a relatively low diffusion of the pollutants to the depth. Chapter II evaluate the effect of urban effluents on the diversity, abundance and biomass of the communities at different levels of the San Jorge Gulf intertidal shore; and the differences in species dominance between the reference and impacted site communities at different rocky intertidal horizons were examined. The results indicate that on the central coast of San Jorge gulf, diversity and structure of communities are affected by urban effluent discharges, and the effects are different on each horizon according to the communities that live there. Found a significant decrease in species heterogeneity in the contaminated shoals. A shift was observed in the abundances of individuals towards the lower level of the mid-littoral of the impacted sites. The mid-littoral zone seems to be the most affected. This effect coincides with the highest contribution of wastewater due to the mouth of urban outfalls. In this level, species richness was slightly decreased and uniformity increased at impacted sites. Were observed similar results in the low-littoral where the impacted sites had lower species richness and abundant species. In the high infralittoral fringe (Hi-IF), the disturbance was less but perceptible: it presented the highest species richness and the highest number of abundant species at all sites. Finally, in chapter III the spatial variations in the structure and composition of the rocky intertidal macrofauna are analysed, and their relationship with environmental variables and urban effluents. Also, is evaluated the effect of urban effluents on the abundance and biomass of the taxa that make up the communities of the main rocky intertidal biotopes of the San Jorge gulf; On the other hand, it seeks to detect differences in the dominance of species between the communities of reference sites and impacted sites in different levels of the intertidal rocky shore; and explore possible benthic invertebrate species that could be used as bioindicator species to detect the presence, or absence, of impact produced by wastewater. In this chapter, it has been found that the perturbation would be affecting the abundances and relative biomasses of the taxa that inhabit there. These changes are different depending on the tidal level in which they are found, and the impacted sites present a higher intra-environmental heterogeneity than the non-impacted sites. It is also evident that the disturbance caused by the presence of urban effluents affects the abundance and biomass of the mussel matrices, and consequently, a decrease in the richness of species in the impacted sites. A loss of the mussel matrix and associated communities is evidenced, and a replacement by opportunistic species such as Balanus glandula and polychaetes of the genus Boccardia. In the low-littoral, the mussel Mytilus edulis platensis contributes to the differentiation of the impacted sites both in abundance and biomass. On the contrary Siphonaria lessoni and Anasterias minuta are negatively affected by the disturbance. In the Hi-IF, the species that contribute the most to the differentiation of sites is Aulacomya atra, followed by M. edulis platensis, which in this tidal level reaches higher biomass in the reference sites. Also, it was observed that despite the heterogeneity that exists between sites on the impacted sites, there is a shift in the density and biomass pattern of the ecosystem engineer towards the lower levels as a consequence of the contribution of wastewater. And although in the Hi-IF the heterogeneity was increased on impacted sites, the C. officinalis belt appears to have no clear pattern between impacted sites and reference sites. However, the abundance and biomass of invertebrates were are lower in the sites with the presence of urban effluents. The southern mussel would seem to be a good indicator of the environmental impact on the central coast of the San Jorge gulf, although both the abundance and the biomass of the species must be considered in the analysis. Additionally, the status of the mussel would reflect the diversity of the associated community.
The anthropogenic activity affects the functioning of coastal ecosystems, in particular the intertidal zone. A major stressor for marine communities in many intertidal systems worldwide is the discharge of wastewater. Sewage drains with little or no treatment that is discharged into the sea, release a great variety and quantity of microbial pathogens, increasing the health risk. The Patagonian coastal ecosystems are highly productive, and especially in the San Jorge Gulf, urban effluent discharges with little or no treatment are identified, which can interfere with other productive activities such as mariculture and artisanal fishing of fish and molluscs. Although there are regulations in this regard, they are not well controlled by regulatory bodies. Exposure of benthos to certain pollutants may be undetectable to the naked eye, but it is producing considerable changes at the community level, altering ecological interactions. Similarly, there is a potential risk to the health of local inhabitants who extract various species of benthic invertebrates for consumption (e.g. mussel, red octopus, among others). On the rocky shores of the San Jorge Gulf, the southern mussel Perumytilus purpuratus (in the mid-littoral fringe), and the coralline alga Corallina officinalis (in the upper infra littoral fringe) provide a habitat with high structural complexity in which a great diversity of invertebrates coexist. A change in the composition of the species could be indicating a deterioration of the environment as a consequence of the contributions of urban effluents. It is for this reason that it is necessary not only to evaluate the negative effects of pollution that have a direct impact on the coastal macrofauna but also to provide tools that can be used for mitigation. Therefore, the general aim of this doctoral thesis is the study of the effects of pollution by urban effluents on the structure of macrozoobentonic communities of the rocky intertidal area of the central coast of the San Jorge Gulf. From which a series of objectives emerge that were assessed in each chapter. Chapter I examines the quality of sea water and bacteriological contamination on the rocky shores of the San Jorge Gulf. Besides, between multiple sites and coastal zones is explored its spatial and seasonal variability. Seawater quality of impacted sites generally showed a reduction of salinity, higher values of nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) and turbidity. The reduction of salinity was even more severe during the austral autumn at the impacted sites indicating a strong contribution of rainwater collected by the sewage system during this season. The impacted sites, presented geometric mean values of seawater bacteriological indicators up to ten times higher than the legal limit allowed, both for the recreational use of seawater and for the shellfish collection areas in most of the year. Variations of physico-chemical proprieties of water quality and bacteriological indicators along a gradient of intertidal height suggest a relatively low diffusion of the pollutants to the depth. Chapter II evaluate the effect of urban effluents on the diversity, abundance and biomass of the communities at different levels of the San Jorge Gulf intertidal shore; and the differences in species dominance between the reference and impacted site communities at different rocky intertidal horizons were examined. The results indicate that on the central coast of San Jorge gulf, diversity and structure of communities are affected by urban effluent discharges, and the effects are different on each horizon according to the communities that live there. Found a significant decrease in species heterogeneity in the contaminated shoals. A shift was observed in the abundances of individuals towards the lower level of the mid-littoral of the impacted sites. The mid-littoral zone seems to be the most affected. This effect coincides with the highest contribution of wastewater due to the mouth of urban outfalls. In this level, species richness was slightly decreased and uniformity increased at impacted sites. Were observed similar results in the low-littoral where the impacted sites had lower species richness and abundant species. In the high infralittoral fringe (Hi-IF), the disturbance was less but perceptible: it presented the highest species richness and the highest number of abundant species at all sites. Finally, in chapter III the spatial variations in the structure and composition of the rocky intertidal macrofauna are analysed, and their relationship with environmental variables and urban effluents. Also, is evaluated the effect of urban effluents on the abundance and biomass of the taxa that make up the communities of the main rocky intertidal biotopes of the San Jorge gulf; On the other hand, it seeks to detect differences in the dominance of species between the communities of reference sites and impacted sites in different levels of the intertidal rocky shore; and explore possible benthic invertebrate species that could be used as bioindicator species to detect the presence, or absence, of impact produced by wastewater. In this chapter, it has been found that the perturbation would be affecting the abundances and relative biomasses of the taxa that inhabit there. These changes are different depending on the tidal level in which they are found, and the impacted sites present a higher intra-environmental heterogeneity than the non-impacted sites. It is also evident that the disturbance caused by the presence of urban effluents affects the abundance and biomass of the mussel matrices, and consequently, a decrease in the richness of species in the impacted sites. A loss of the mussel matrix and associated communities is evidenced, and a replacement by opportunistic species such as Balanus glandula and polychaetes of the genus Boccardia. In the low-littoral, the mussel Mytilus edulis platensis contributes to the differentiation of the impacted sites both in abundance and biomass. On the contrary Siphonaria lessoni and Anasterias minuta are negatively affected by the disturbance. In the Hi-IF, the species that contribute the most to the differentiation of sites is Aulacomya atra, followed by M. edulis platensis, which in this tidal level reaches higher biomass in the reference sites. Also, it was observed that despite the heterogeneity that exists between sites on the impacted sites, there is a shift in the density and biomass pattern of the ecosystem engineer towards the lower levels as a consequence of the contribution of wastewater. And although in the Hi-IF the heterogeneity was increased on impacted sites, the C. officinalis belt appears to have no clear pattern between impacted sites and reference sites. However, the abundance and biomass of invertebrates were are lower in the sites with the presence of urban effluents. The southern mussel would seem to be a good indicator of the environmental impact on the central coast of the San Jorge gulf, although both the abundance and the biomass of the species must be considered in the analysis. Additionally, the status of the mussel would reflect the diversity of the associated community.
Descripción
Palabras clave
GOLFO SAN JORGE, AGUAS RESIDUALES, ECOSISTEMAS MARINOS
Citación
Verga, Romina Noelia. (2020). Contaminación por efluentes urbanos en el Golfo San Jorge, Argentina: Caracterización ambiental y efectos en la estructura de comunidades macrozoobentónicas intermareales. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.