Microartrópodos edáficos de la estepa patagónica bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales y usos de suelo.
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2021
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Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Departamento de Biología y Ambiente.
Resumen
Los microartrópodos edáficos son organismos de gran importancia para el mantenimiento del ecosistema suelo. Su presencia en el medio edáfico cumple un rol fundamental, llevando a cabo una gran diversidad de procesos, como la degradación de la materia orgánica, el ciclado de nutrientes, la fragmentación y la traslocación de restos vegetales, entre otros. La estepa patagónica es un ambiente con condiciones adversas, baja precipitación, gran amplitud térmica y suelos poco evolucionados, con baja capacidad de resiliencia. Sumado a esto, desde mediados del siglo XIX se incorporó la explotación ganadera, generando condiciones desfavorables para el mantenimiento de la fauna edáfica, llegando en algunos casos a superar la capacidad de resiliencia del sistema suelo, produciendo la degradación irreversible del mismo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue estudiar los microartrópodos edáficos, con énfasis en los ácaros oribátidos, de la estepa patagónica en la Provincia de Chubut y comparar los atributos de la comunidad de ácaros oribátidos presente en el suelo de estepa, bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales y usos de suelo. Para alcanzar el primer objetivo, que fue estudiar los microartrópodos edáficos bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales, el diseño de muestreo fue en parcelas Sub Sub Divididas: Split Split Plot (SSP). El mismo fue realizado en tres bloques: "Esquel", "Gobernador Costa" y "Alto Río Senguer". Cada bloque fue dividido en dos parcelas, correspondientes a los tratamientos “estepa graminosa” y “estepa arbustiva”. A cada parcela se la fraccionó en subparcelas, “suelo desnudo” y “suelo cubierto”. Catorce muestras fueron colectadas a nivel de subparcela (14 en estepa arbustiva y 14 en estepa graminosa) generando un total de 28 muestras por bloque (28 x 3 bloques), totalizando 168 muestras, ya que fue realizado en dos estaciones del año, otoño y primavera. Para alcanzar el segundo objetivo, que fue estudiar los microartrópodos edáficos bajo diferentes usos de suelo, el diseño de muestreo fue aleatorizado con dos factores, el primer factor: “Tratamiento” con tres niveles (Control/Forestal/Ganadero) y el segundo factor: “Estación” con cuatro niveles (verano/otoño/invierno/primavera). El muestreo fue realizado durante el año 2018, en los meses de enero, mayo, julio y octubre. Las áreas de muestreo fueron: el control, con la vegetación típica de estepa, el área con uso forestal con monocultivo de pino ponderosa de 30 años con podas y raleos, y el área con uso ganadero, con la presencia de ganado ovino. Se seleccionaron siete puntos en cada tratamiento, se extrajeron 14 muestras del control (suelo desnudo y suelo cubierto), 7 muestras del uso forestal y 7 muestras del uso ganadero, luego se realizó un promedio ponderado con las muestras provenientes del control de acuerdo al porcentaje de suelo desnudo. Como se realizó un muestreo estacional, se tomaron en total 112 muestras. La selección de puntos de muestreo fue realizada al azar mediante la herramienta de selección del programa QGIS. En ambos muestreos se realizaron mediciones de variables físico-químicas (pH, densidad relativa, porcentaje de humedad, porcentaje de agregados de fracción ≥2 mm, porcentajes de materia orgánica, arcilla, limo y arena) y ambientales (temperatura media anual y precipitación anual) a fin de encontrar relaciones entre las mismas y la distribución de la fauna edáfica. Además, se caracterizó el tipo de suelo y textura realizando calicatas (de 1 m de profundidad por 1 m2 de superficie) en las áreas de muestreo. Luego de realizar las calicatas se extrajeron 3 muestras de suelo de cada horizonte (1,8─2,0 kg peso fresco). Para
evaluar los efectos de los tratamientos sobre la mesofauna y separadamente sobre los oribátidos se realizó primeramente un ANOVA. Además, para explorar las relaciones entre las variables ambientales, los sitios y la fauna edáfica se realizó un análisis de correspondencia canónica para los dos muestreos. En adición, se estimaron métricas basadas en los atributos estructurales de la comunidad de mesofauna y en la taxonomía, como los índices de diversidad (Simpson, Shannon, Margalef) y de equitatividad (Pielou), riqueza y abundancia. En el primer muestro fueron los Prostigmata el grupo más frecuente de la mesofauna, abarcando alrededor de 70 % del total de ácaros, seguido por Oribatida con 25 %. Contrariamente, Mesostigmata fue escaso, representando solo 5 % del total. Con respecto a los oribátidos se hallaron un total de 43 taxones, que fueron identificados como especies o morfoespecies, pertenecientes a 20 familias. La diversidad de Oribatida difirió de acuerdo a
las condición del suelo, siendo significativamente mayor en suelo cubierto que en suelo desnudo. La familia más abundante fue Aphelacaridae, seguida por Oppidae, con valores de 8380 y 5440 ind./m2 respectivamente. En cuanto al segundo muestreo el grupo más abundante también fueron los prostigmatas con 71 % del total de ácaros encontrados, seguido
por Oribatida con 22,7 % y Mesostigmata con un 6,3 %. En cuanto a los ácaros oribátidos, en las 112 muestras de suelo fueron encontrados un total de 23 taxones, que fueron identificados hasta nivel de especie o morfoespecie, distribuidas en 11 familias. En el sitio control fueron identificados un total de 19 taxones, en el uso forestal fueron identificados 10 y en el uso ganadero 7 taxones. La familia más abundante entre todos los tratamientos fue Licnodamaeidae (11870 ind./m2), seguida por Oribatulidae (3040 ind./m2). El control fue el que presentó mayor cantidad de especies (19), seguido por el uso forestal (8), y por último el uso ganadero (6). El control tuvo un total neto de 21 ejemplares, representando el 58 % del total de individuos, seguido por el uso forestal con 9, representado el 25 % y el uso ganadero con 6 ejemplares, representando el 16 %. La estepa patagónica es un ambiente de condiciones climáticas extremas, principalmente de humedad y temperatura, por este motivo es de suma importancia tener una base taxonómica de la fauna propia de este ambiente y a partir de allí sentar líneas de base para futuros trabajos. Los parches de vegetación contribuyen significativamente a la biodiversidad regional de la estepa patagónica por albergar un alto número de especies de mesofauna, generando condiciones favorables para el desarrollo de esta fauna. Además, estos parches de vegetación son indispensables para el mantenimiento del ecosistema suelo de la estepa y para mitigar los procesos de desertificación. Los distintos usos del suelo provocan cambios en sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas, llevando en muchos casos a una degradación de la estructura, y de este modo perdiendo también la productividad del suelo como recurso. Como se puede observar, los usos del suelo alteran las comunidades de ácaros y, como consecuencia, modifican los procesos tan importantes que ellos desempeñan en el ambiente edáfico. Así, se disminuyen las poblaciones de algunas especies, pudiendo llegar a su total desaparición y/o algunas otras son reemplazadas por especies más resistentes. En este trabajo se señala a la presencia de individuos de Tectocepheus velatus y Oppiella nova, especies de Oribatida, asociadas al uso ganadero y forestal respectivamente, como dos posibles indicadoras de disturbios en los suelos. Se desprende de este trabajo la implicancia directa del uso del suelo sobre la población edáfica, siendo por ende de vital importancia la conciencia en el manejo de los distintos usos posibles del suelo, de modo tal de no superar la capacidad previamente limitada de resiliencia de los suelos de la estepa patagónica, y así evitar el inminente proceso de desertificación.
Edaphic microatrophods are organisms of great importance in the maintenance of soil ecosystems. Its presence in soil has a key role in the maintenance and formation of soils, carrying out a variety of processes, such as organic matter degradation, nutrients cycling, fragmentation and translocation of vegetative remains, among others. Patagonian steppe is an adverse condition ambient, low amount of precipitations, great thermal amplitude and poorly evolved soils, with a low resilience capacity. In addition, cattle activity has been incorporated from mid XIX century, creating unfavorable conditions for the maintenance of edaphic fauna, surpassing, in some cases, the resilience border line of soil systems, resulting in an irreversible state of degradation. The main objective was to study edaphic microarthropods, with emphasis in oribatid mites of Patagonian steppe in Chubut and to compare attributes of the oribatid mite communities in the steppe soil under different environmental conditions and soil uses. In order to reach the first aim, that was to study the edaphic microarthropods under different environmental condition, the experimental sampling was divided into three blocks: "Esquel", "Gobernador Costa" and "Alto Río Senguer" (names refer to cities and towns near each sampling area). Every block was divided into two whole plots, which corresponded to the treatments "shrubland" and "grassland". Then, each whole plot was divided into two subplots, which corresponded to the treatments "bare" and "covered" soil. In each subplot, we randomly collected seven samples of 100 cm2 of soil (Figure 2). In total, 14 soil samples were collected from each whole plot, and 28 from each block (28 x 3 blocks). The study included 168 soil samples, since the experiment was carried out both in spring and in autumn (84 x 2). In order to reach the second aim was to study edaphic microatrophods under different soil uses, the experimental sampling was randomized in two factors, the first factor: “treatment” with three levels (control/forestation/cattle) and the second factor: “station” with four levels (summer/autumn/winter/spring). The sampling was carried out during 2018, in January, May, July and October. The sampled areas were: control, with typical steppe vegetation, the forestation area with 30 years of Pinus ponderosa monoculture, pruned and thinned, and the cattle use area, with ovine livestock. Seven plots were selected in each treatment, fourteen samples were taken from control (bare and covered soil), seven samples of forestation use and seven from cattle use, then a pondered average was made with the samples from control in agreement with the percentage of bare soil. As it is a stational sampling, there were 112 samples taken. The plot sample selection was made randomly with the selection program tool of QGIS. In both samplings, physic-chemical variables (PH, relative density, soil moisture percentage, percentage of fraction adds ≥2 mm, percentages of organic matter, clay, silt and sand) and environmental variables (mid annual temperature, and mid annual precipitation) measurements were made in order to find relationships between themselves and the distribution of edaphic fauna. In addition, the kind of soil and texture was characterized by soil profiles (width 1m, length 1.0─1.5m, depth varying) in each sampling areas. After profile description, from each horizon were taken three samples (1.8─2.0kg fresh weight). In order to evaluate the effects of treatment over mesofauna and separately over oribatid mites, the first thing to realize was an ANOVA. Moreover, in order to explore the relationship between environmental variables, the plots and the edaphic fauna, a canonical correspondence analysis was made for both two samples. Furthermore, metrics were estimated based on structural attributes of the mesofauna community and taxonomy, such as diversity index (Simpson, Shannon, Margalef), evenness index (Pielou), abundance and richness indexes. In the first sampling, Prostigmata was the most frequent group in mesofauna, reaching over 70% of total mites, followed by Oribatida with 25%. On the contrary, Mesostigmata were scarce, reaching only 5% of total mites. In relation to Oribatida, 43 taxa were found, identified as species or morphospecies, belonging to 20 families. Oribatida diversity differs in accordance with soil characteristics, being significantly higher in covered soil than in bare soil. The most abundant family was Aphelacaridae, followed by Oppidae, with values of 8380 y 5440 ind./m2, respectively. As for the second sampling, the most abundant group was also Prostigrama, reaching 71% of total mites found, followed by Oribatida with 22,7% and Mesostigmata with 6,3%. With regard to Oribatida mites, in the 112 soil samples, 23 taxa were found, identified as species or morphospecies, belonging to 11 families. In control plot 19 taxa where identified, 10 taxa in forestation and 7 taxa in cattle use plot. The most abundant family in all treatments was Licnodamaeidae (11870 ind./m2), followed by Oribatulidae (3040 ind./m2). Control plot presented the highest number of species (19), followed by forestation (8) and cattle (6). Control plot had a net total of 21 individuals, representing 58% of total mites, followed by forestation use with 9 individuals, representing 25% of total mites and cattle use with 6 individuals, representing 16% of total mites. Patagonian steppe is an extreme weather condition ambient, mainly in humidity and temperature, that is why it is of great importance to have a taxonomic base of its fauna, and therefore set line bases for further papers. The vegetation patches significantly contribute to the regional biodiversity of Patagonian steppe, by housing a high number of mesofauna species, creating favorable conditions for the development of this fauna. Also, these vegetation patches are necessary to the maintenance of the soil ecosystem of steppe and to alleviate the desertification processes. Different soil uses induce changes in its physical, chemical and biological properties, resulting in many cases in structure degradation, and therefore losing productivity as a resource. As we can observe, the different uses of soil distort mite communities, and consequently, modify processes as important as those that they carry out in the edaphic environment. That is how, some species population decreases, reaching in some cases the total disappearance and/or the replacement of some more resistant species. In this thesis, the presence of Tectocepheus velatus y Oppiella nova, Oribatida species, are marked, associated with cattle and forestation uses respectively, as two potentially soil disturbance indicators. It borne out of this thesis the direct implication of soil use over the edaphic population, being of vital importance therefore, the conscious in the handle of the different possible uses of soil, so that the previously limited capacity of resilience in the Patagonian steppe soils is not overwhelmed, and so, avoid an impending desertification process.
Edaphic microatrophods are organisms of great importance in the maintenance of soil ecosystems. Its presence in soil has a key role in the maintenance and formation of soils, carrying out a variety of processes, such as organic matter degradation, nutrients cycling, fragmentation and translocation of vegetative remains, among others. Patagonian steppe is an adverse condition ambient, low amount of precipitations, great thermal amplitude and poorly evolved soils, with a low resilience capacity. In addition, cattle activity has been incorporated from mid XIX century, creating unfavorable conditions for the maintenance of edaphic fauna, surpassing, in some cases, the resilience border line of soil systems, resulting in an irreversible state of degradation. The main objective was to study edaphic microarthropods, with emphasis in oribatid mites of Patagonian steppe in Chubut and to compare attributes of the oribatid mite communities in the steppe soil under different environmental conditions and soil uses. In order to reach the first aim, that was to study the edaphic microarthropods under different environmental condition, the experimental sampling was divided into three blocks: "Esquel", "Gobernador Costa" and "Alto Río Senguer" (names refer to cities and towns near each sampling area). Every block was divided into two whole plots, which corresponded to the treatments "shrubland" and "grassland". Then, each whole plot was divided into two subplots, which corresponded to the treatments "bare" and "covered" soil. In each subplot, we randomly collected seven samples of 100 cm2 of soil (Figure 2). In total, 14 soil samples were collected from each whole plot, and 28 from each block (28 x 3 blocks). The study included 168 soil samples, since the experiment was carried out both in spring and in autumn (84 x 2). In order to reach the second aim was to study edaphic microatrophods under different soil uses, the experimental sampling was randomized in two factors, the first factor: “treatment” with three levels (control/forestation/cattle) and the second factor: “station” with four levels (summer/autumn/winter/spring). The sampling was carried out during 2018, in January, May, July and October. The sampled areas were: control, with typical steppe vegetation, the forestation area with 30 years of Pinus ponderosa monoculture, pruned and thinned, and the cattle use area, with ovine livestock. Seven plots were selected in each treatment, fourteen samples were taken from control (bare and covered soil), seven samples of forestation use and seven from cattle use, then a pondered average was made with the samples from control in agreement with the percentage of bare soil. As it is a stational sampling, there were 112 samples taken. The plot sample selection was made randomly with the selection program tool of QGIS. In both samplings, physic-chemical variables (PH, relative density, soil moisture percentage, percentage of fraction adds ≥2 mm, percentages of organic matter, clay, silt and sand) and environmental variables (mid annual temperature, and mid annual precipitation) measurements were made in order to find relationships between themselves and the distribution of edaphic fauna. In addition, the kind of soil and texture was characterized by soil profiles (width 1m, length 1.0─1.5m, depth varying) in each sampling areas. After profile description, from each horizon were taken three samples (1.8─2.0kg fresh weight). In order to evaluate the effects of treatment over mesofauna and separately over oribatid mites, the first thing to realize was an ANOVA. Moreover, in order to explore the relationship between environmental variables, the plots and the edaphic fauna, a canonical correspondence analysis was made for both two samples. Furthermore, metrics were estimated based on structural attributes of the mesofauna community and taxonomy, such as diversity index (Simpson, Shannon, Margalef), evenness index (Pielou), abundance and richness indexes. In the first sampling, Prostigmata was the most frequent group in mesofauna, reaching over 70% of total mites, followed by Oribatida with 25%. On the contrary, Mesostigmata were scarce, reaching only 5% of total mites. In relation to Oribatida, 43 taxa were found, identified as species or morphospecies, belonging to 20 families. Oribatida diversity differs in accordance with soil characteristics, being significantly higher in covered soil than in bare soil. The most abundant family was Aphelacaridae, followed by Oppidae, with values of 8380 y 5440 ind./m2, respectively. As for the second sampling, the most abundant group was also Prostigrama, reaching 71% of total mites found, followed by Oribatida with 22,7% and Mesostigmata with 6,3%. With regard to Oribatida mites, in the 112 soil samples, 23 taxa were found, identified as species or morphospecies, belonging to 11 families. In control plot 19 taxa where identified, 10 taxa in forestation and 7 taxa in cattle use plot. The most abundant family in all treatments was Licnodamaeidae (11870 ind./m2), followed by Oribatulidae (3040 ind./m2). Control plot presented the highest number of species (19), followed by forestation (8) and cattle (6). Control plot had a net total of 21 individuals, representing 58% of total mites, followed by forestation use with 9 individuals, representing 25% of total mites and cattle use with 6 individuals, representing 16% of total mites. Patagonian steppe is an extreme weather condition ambient, mainly in humidity and temperature, that is why it is of great importance to have a taxonomic base of its fauna, and therefore set line bases for further papers. The vegetation patches significantly contribute to the regional biodiversity of Patagonian steppe, by housing a high number of mesofauna species, creating favorable conditions for the development of this fauna. Also, these vegetation patches are necessary to the maintenance of the soil ecosystem of steppe and to alleviate the desertification processes. Different soil uses induce changes in its physical, chemical and biological properties, resulting in many cases in structure degradation, and therefore losing productivity as a resource. As we can observe, the different uses of soil distort mite communities, and consequently, modify processes as important as those that they carry out in the edaphic environment. That is how, some species population decreases, reaching in some cases the total disappearance and/or the replacement of some more resistant species. In this thesis, the presence of Tectocepheus velatus y Oppiella nova, Oribatida species, are marked, associated with cattle and forestation uses respectively, as two potentially soil disturbance indicators. It borne out of this thesis the direct implication of soil use over the edaphic population, being of vital importance therefore, the conscious in the handle of the different possible uses of soil, so that the previously limited capacity of resilience in the Patagonian steppe soils is not overwhelmed, and so, avoid an impending desertification process.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MIICROARTROPODOS EDAFICOS, ESTEPA PATAGONICA, ACAROS ORIBATIDOS, FAUNA EDAFICA
Citación
Manzo, Rosa María. (2021). Microartrópodos edáficos de la estepa patagónica bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales y usos de suelo. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.