Factores que modulan la variabilidad espacio-temporal en el reclutamiento de la vieira tehuelche, aequipecten tehuelchus: una aproximación desde la condición reproductiva y la conectividad biológica.
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2022
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Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Departamento de Biología y Ambiente.
Resumen
Los pectínidos son moluscos bivalvos de gran relevancia ecológica y económica que están presentes en todos los océanos. La variabilidad en el reclutamiento que los caracteriza y el desafío que implica para el manejo pesquero ha motivado grandes esfuerzos de investigación destinados a dilucidar los factores que modulan la dinámica poblacional. Estos factores son diversos y pueden operar en distintas etapas del ciclo de vida, ya sea durante la etapa planctónica o bentónica. Asimismo, pueden estar desacoplados y operar a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales. Por ello, para comprender la dinámica del reclutamiento es necesario abordar diversas fuentes de información que contemplen diferentes escalas. En el presente trabajo se estudió la dinámica poblacional de la vieira tehuelche, Aequipecten tehuelchus, en la región de los golfos norpatagónicos, con énfasis en el golfo San José por su relevancia ecológica y pesquera. Para ello se determinó la estructura genética poblacional mediante marcadores microsatélites, se estudió la variación morfométrica de las valvas mediante técnicas de morfometría geométrica, se caracterizaron procesos ambientales (temperatura del agua de mar de fondo y viento) a distintas escalas temporales y su relación con la biomasa comercial y “sub-legal” del recurso y finalmente se estudió la condición reproductiva en relación a parámetros ambientales. Los niveles de diferenciación genética poblacional de la vieira tehuelche dependen de la escala de análisis. Desde la perspectiva de la demografía histórica (miles de años) se vio una señal de expansión poblacional que se relaciona con la historia geológica de la región. Respecto a la estructura poblacional, se encontró diferenciación genética sutil entre los morfotipos tehuelchus y madrynensis, en concordancia geográfica con el frente de península Valdés. Por otro lado, a la escala en la que opera la pesquería de los golfos San Matías y San José, los bancos de vieira estudiados presentaron baja diferenciación, flujo genético entre las localidades y sin señales de cuellos de botella genéticos. Las mayores diferencias morfométricas fueron detectadas entre los morfotipos tehuelchus y madrynensis. A la escala en que opera la pesquería del golfo San José y San Matías se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las localidades; las condiciones del ambiente serían las responsables de determinar la variación de la forma. Mientras que en el golfo San Matías se detectó una morfología más nadadora que podría haber sido favorecida por presión de predación, en los sitios de mucha corriente se favorecerían características morfométricas propias de hábitos sedentarios y de fijación mediante biso. La información generada abre nuevos interrogantes acerca del modo en que las condiciones del ambiente determinan las características fenotípicas de la especie. Para el golfo San José se estudió la variación de la temperatura del agua de mar de fondo y del viento a distintas escalas temporales, relacionando estas series de datos con las fluctuaciones en la abundancia poblacional (biomasa comercial y “sub-legal”) de la vieira tehuelche durante las últimas dos décadas. Mediante el estudio de la temperatura del fondo se describieron anomalías térmicas interanuales, así como también a una escala de corto plazo (en el orden de horas o días). Las anomalías interanuales podrían jugar un rol preponderante condicionando los reclutamientos a una macro escala, con períodos de crecimiento poblacional durante años cálidos, mientras que los decaimientos se dieron durante períodos fríos. Por su parte, se pudo ver que el viento cumple un rol actuando como forzante de los movimientos de masas de agua en cercanías de la costa. En particular, el viento soplando transversalmente hacia la costa se asoció con procesos de hundimientos de masas de agua que incrementan la temperatura en el fondo; el viento soplando desde la costa genera un proceso inverso de surgencia y enfriamiento. Esas inversiones drásticas de la temperatura (1-2°C, 24-48 h) podrían actuar como estímulos térmicos e inducir la liberación de gametas en la vieira tehuelche. Finalmente, el estudio de la condición reproductiva de la vieira tehuelche mediante el monitoreo de índices de condición y de la composición bioquímica en relación a las variables oceanográficas, permitieron asociar una mejor condición reproductiva durante el año en que la temperatura fue más elevada. Ello se manifestó tanto en un mayor índice de condición como en el mayor nivel de las reservas nutricionales acumuladas. Finalmente, se identificaron eventos de inversiones térmicas drásticas que pudieron haber inducido desoves locales contribuyendo a generar asincronía entre bancos de los sitios estudiados. Esos fenómenos se producen principalmente en una escala de 24-48 horas, por acción del viento que ocasiona un incremento de la temperatura del agua del fondo hasta que cesa el viento, momento a partir del cual el agua comienza a enfriarse. La variación en la condición reproductiva puso de manifiesto que la asincronía podría estar fuertemente relacionada con heterogeneidad ambiental y la geomorfología particular del golfo San José. En síntesis, la información generada permitió comprender que las diferencias espaciales del reclutamiento en el GSJ no tienen una base de estructuración genética. Por otro lado, la variabilidad ambiental puede moldear la morfología de las vieiras localmente. El análisis de series temporales de largo plazo de temperatura da un nuevo soporte a la hipótesis que propone una modulación a macro escala por parte de la temperatura del fondo del mar, en la que años cálidos son favorables para el reclutamiento. En ese contexto, el estudio de la condición reproductiva y las reservas nutricionales indica que durante los años cálidos podría haber una mejora en el potencial reproductivo dado por una mayor acumulación de reservas, incrementando así la viabilidad de las larvas. Por su parte, el viento cumple un rol esencial gobernando las variaciones bruscas de temperatura que son relevantes para la sincronía del desove al interior de cada banco y la falta de la misma a una macro escala. A la luz de estos procesos es posible entender de una forma más integral la naturaleza de la variación poblacional de la vieira tehuelche en sitios con una oceanografía contrastante en el interior del golfo San José.
Pectinid species are bivalve molluscs of ecological and economic relevance worldwide that inhabit all oceans and seas. The variability on the recruitment that characterizes these species and the challenges that such variability implies for a proper sustainable management has motivated great research efforts aiming to elucidate which factors modulate the population dynamics of pectinids. Those factors are diverse and could operate during different stages of the life cycle (e.g., planktonic or benthic stages). Likewise, they can be decoupled and operate at different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, distinct sources of information that contemplate diverse scales are needed to properly understand the recruitment dynamic. In this Thesis, the population dynamics of Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, was studied in the northern Patagonian gulfs, with an emphasis on San José Gulf, wherein the species has an ecological and commercial relevance. For this, the population genetic structure was determined using microsatellite markers; the morphometric variation of the shells was studied using geometric morphometry techniques; the environmental processes (bottom seawater temperature and wind) and their relationship with commercial and "sub-legal" biomass of the resource were characterized at different time scales; and finally the reproductive condition in relation to environmental parameters was addressed as well. The genetic differentiation of Tehuelche scallop, at the population level, depends on the scale of analysis. From a historical demography perspective (thousands of years), the species presented a population expansion signal mainly associated with the geological history of the region. At population level, the species presents subtle genetic differentiation between madrynensis and tehuelchus morphotypes, in geographical agreement with the Valdés Peninsula front. On the other hand, at the fishery-operating scale from San Matías and San José gulfs, all locations presented low genetic differentiation, gene flow among locations and absence of genetic bottleneck signals. The larger morphometric differences were detected among the madrynensis and tehuelchus morphotypes. At the fishery-operating scale, significant morphometric differentiation was found among locations wherein the environmental conditions would be driving the shell shape variation. While a more swimming shell shape was found in San Matías Gulf, that might be favored by predation pressure, a more sedentary shell shape was detected in locations with strong tidal currents. The information found in this study open new ways of inquiry related with the way in which the environmental features determine the phenotypic characteristics of the species. For the San José Gulf, the variation in the temperature of the bottom seawater and the wind at different time scales was studied, and related these data with the fluctuations in the population abundance (commercial and “sub-legal” biomass) of the Tehuelche scallop during the last two decades. Through the study of the bottom temperature, interannual thermal anomalies were described, as well as on a short- term scale (in the order of hours or days). Interannual anomalies could play a preponderant role in conditioning recruitments on a macro scale, with periods of population growth during warm years, while population declines occurred during cold periods. On the other hand, it was possible to see the wind plays a role forcing coastal water movements. Particularly, the wind blowing cross-shore to the coast was associated with processes of downwelling that increased the temperature at the bottom; the wind blowing cross-shore but from the coast generates an inverse process of upwelling and cooling down. These drastic temperature inversions (1-2°C, 24-48 h) could act as thermal stimuli and induce the spawning of Tehuelche scallop. Finally, the study of the reproductive condition of Tehuelche scallop by condition indices and biochemical composition of the gonads in relation to oceanographic variables helped to visualize a better reproductive condition with warmer a year. This was manifested by higher both condition index and nutritional reserves. Finally, events of drastic thermal inversions could have induced local spawning, contributing to generate asynchrony between scallop beds. These thermal inversions occur mainly on a 24-48 hour scale, due to the action of the cross-shore wind blowing to the coast, which causes an increase in the temperature of the bottom water. The variation in the reproductive condition revealed that the spawning asynchrony in the entire gulf could be related to environmental heterogeneity and the geomorphology of San José Gulf. In summary, the information generated allows to understand that the spatial differences in recruitment in San José Gulf do not have a genetic structuring basis. However, environmental variability can shape scallop morphometry locally. The analysis of long-term temperature time series gives new support to the macro scale modulation of population dynamics by the temperature of the bottom of the sea, in which warm years are favorable for the species recruitment. In this context, the study of the reproductive condition and nutritional reserves indicates that during warm years there could be an improvement in the reproductive potential given by a greater accumulation of reserves, thus increasing the viability of the larvae. On the other hand, the wind plays an essential role in driving the sudden variations in temperature that are relevant for the synchrony/asynchrony between and among scallop beds, on a macro scale. In the light of these processes, it is possible to understand in a more comprehensive way the nature of the population variation of Tehuelche scallop in sites with contrasting oceanography in the San José Gulf.
Pectinid species are bivalve molluscs of ecological and economic relevance worldwide that inhabit all oceans and seas. The variability on the recruitment that characterizes these species and the challenges that such variability implies for a proper sustainable management has motivated great research efforts aiming to elucidate which factors modulate the population dynamics of pectinids. Those factors are diverse and could operate during different stages of the life cycle (e.g., planktonic or benthic stages). Likewise, they can be decoupled and operate at different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, distinct sources of information that contemplate diverse scales are needed to properly understand the recruitment dynamic. In this Thesis, the population dynamics of Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, was studied in the northern Patagonian gulfs, with an emphasis on San José Gulf, wherein the species has an ecological and commercial relevance. For this, the population genetic structure was determined using microsatellite markers; the morphometric variation of the shells was studied using geometric morphometry techniques; the environmental processes (bottom seawater temperature and wind) and their relationship with commercial and "sub-legal" biomass of the resource were characterized at different time scales; and finally the reproductive condition in relation to environmental parameters was addressed as well. The genetic differentiation of Tehuelche scallop, at the population level, depends on the scale of analysis. From a historical demography perspective (thousands of years), the species presented a population expansion signal mainly associated with the geological history of the region. At population level, the species presents subtle genetic differentiation between madrynensis and tehuelchus morphotypes, in geographical agreement with the Valdés Peninsula front. On the other hand, at the fishery-operating scale from San Matías and San José gulfs, all locations presented low genetic differentiation, gene flow among locations and absence of genetic bottleneck signals. The larger morphometric differences were detected among the madrynensis and tehuelchus morphotypes. At the fishery-operating scale, significant morphometric differentiation was found among locations wherein the environmental conditions would be driving the shell shape variation. While a more swimming shell shape was found in San Matías Gulf, that might be favored by predation pressure, a more sedentary shell shape was detected in locations with strong tidal currents. The information found in this study open new ways of inquiry related with the way in which the environmental features determine the phenotypic characteristics of the species. For the San José Gulf, the variation in the temperature of the bottom seawater and the wind at different time scales was studied, and related these data with the fluctuations in the population abundance (commercial and “sub-legal” biomass) of the Tehuelche scallop during the last two decades. Through the study of the bottom temperature, interannual thermal anomalies were described, as well as on a short- term scale (in the order of hours or days). Interannual anomalies could play a preponderant role in conditioning recruitments on a macro scale, with periods of population growth during warm years, while population declines occurred during cold periods. On the other hand, it was possible to see the wind plays a role forcing coastal water movements. Particularly, the wind blowing cross-shore to the coast was associated with processes of downwelling that increased the temperature at the bottom; the wind blowing cross-shore but from the coast generates an inverse process of upwelling and cooling down. These drastic temperature inversions (1-2°C, 24-48 h) could act as thermal stimuli and induce the spawning of Tehuelche scallop. Finally, the study of the reproductive condition of Tehuelche scallop by condition indices and biochemical composition of the gonads in relation to oceanographic variables helped to visualize a better reproductive condition with warmer a year. This was manifested by higher both condition index and nutritional reserves. Finally, events of drastic thermal inversions could have induced local spawning, contributing to generate asynchrony between scallop beds. These thermal inversions occur mainly on a 24-48 hour scale, due to the action of the cross-shore wind blowing to the coast, which causes an increase in the temperature of the bottom water. The variation in the reproductive condition revealed that the spawning asynchrony in the entire gulf could be related to environmental heterogeneity and the geomorphology of San José Gulf. In summary, the information generated allows to understand that the spatial differences in recruitment in San José Gulf do not have a genetic structuring basis. However, environmental variability can shape scallop morphometry locally. The analysis of long-term temperature time series gives new support to the macro scale modulation of population dynamics by the temperature of the bottom of the sea, in which warm years are favorable for the species recruitment. In this context, the study of the reproductive condition and nutritional reserves indicates that during warm years there could be an improvement in the reproductive potential given by a greater accumulation of reserves, thus increasing the viability of the larvae. On the other hand, the wind plays an essential role in driving the sudden variations in temperature that are relevant for the synchrony/asynchrony between and among scallop beds, on a macro scale. In the light of these processes, it is possible to understand in a more comprehensive way the nature of the population variation of Tehuelche scallop in sites with contrasting oceanography in the San José Gulf.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MOLUSCOS, BIVALVOS, PECTINIDOS, PESQUERIA, TEMPERATURA, MAR
Citación
Gentino Mamet, Leandro Nicolás. (2022). Factores que modulan la variabilidad espacio-temporal en el reclutamiento de la vieira tehuelche, aequipecten tehuelchus: una aproximación desde la condición reproductiva y la conectividad biológica. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.