Selección y uso de bacterias lácticas para el procesamiento de crucíferas y del alga undaria mediante fermentación.
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2022
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Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana.
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Introducción: las bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) están involucradas en la producción de alimentos fermentados. Estas bacterias juegan un rol esencial en la industria alimentaria debido a que contribuyen significativamente sobre las características sensoriales y propiedades nutricionales y funcionales de los productos alimenticios. El uso de cultivos iniciadores en la fermentación vegetal se ha implementado recientemente, a diferencia de otros alimentos. Estos reducen la ocurrencia de fermentaciones anormales y, además, garantizan características relativamente uniformes en los productos obtenidos.
Se sugirió la selección de cultivos iniciadores autóctonos para lograr una mejor adaptación a la matriz vegetal específica basada en sus propiedades funcionales y tecnológicas, así como, los criterios nutricionales y sensoriales de interés. Los vegetales Brassica son cultivados y consumidos ampliamente en todo el mundo. Estos vegetales son ricos en fibras, minerales y compuestos bioactivos. Además, los antioxidantes, como los compuestos fenólicos, las vitaminas y los carotenoides de estos vegetales, contribuyen a la defensa contra el estrés oxidativo. A su vez, diversos estudios presentan a las algas marinas como nuevas candidatas para ser utilizadas como ingrediente alimentario que promueve la salud gracias a su valor nutricional equilibrado y a la abundancia de compuestos bioactivos. Las costas Patagónicas fueron invadidas por Undaria pinnatifida hace 30 años; estas algas pardas se dispersaron sobre las costas de la Argentina, formando densos lechos submareales y modificando el ecosistema. Por lo tanto, la abundancia de este recurso constituye un escenario atractivo para la producción local de nuevos alimentos funcionales. Objetivos de estudio y metodología: El principal objetivo de este estudio fue la selección de BAL sobre la base de sus propiedades biotecnológicas para fermentar material de origen vegetal (Brassica) y alga Undaria, dando lugar a productos de calidad estable, inocuos, con alto valor nutricional y funcional. Se realizó la fermentación espontánea de cuatro vegetales Brassica (pak choi, repollo banco, repollo colorado y akusai) para aislar y seleccionar BAL autóctonas, evaluando su habilidad como cultivo iniciador y sus propiedades tecnológicas. Se realizó la identificación molecular de las cepas de BAL seleccionadas mediante la amplificación del gen ADNr 16s. La fermentación controlada en dos etapas se realizó con las BAL seleccionadas por sus propiedades biotecnológicas. Se estudiaron modelos simples y combinados durante la fermentación controlada (18 °C durante 30 días). Los tres modelos simples se realizaron con akusai, repollo blanco y repollo colorado, fermentados individualmente. Luego, los tres modelos combinados se llevaron a cabo con cada vegetal Brassica y un 20% de alga: akusai/Undaria, repollo blanco/Undaria y repollo colorado/Undaria. Se realizó la fermentación espontánea de cada modelo como parámetro de comparación. La evolución de las BAL y el pH se monitorearon durante las distintas fermentaciones y modelos estudiados. Se realizaron extractos metanólicos y acuosos a partir de las muestras obtenidas durante las diferentes fermentaciones de los modelos estudiados. Se utilizaron los métodos del radical libre 2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) y la capacidad antioxidante reductora del cobre (CUPRAC) para medir la capacidad antioxidante de los extractos metanólicos y acuosos; mientras que el ensayo Folin- Ciocalteau se empleó para determinar el contenido total de fenoles. La calidad microbiológica y el análisis sensorial se evaluaron en los productos fermentados de los modelos seleccionados. Además, el pH, la acidez titulable, los °Brix y la actividad de agua se determinaron antes y después del periodo del almacenamiento (50 días, 5 °C) de los productos. La prueba de retroextrusión de los productos fermentados se evaluó
con un equipo de testeo Instron Universal y se calculó el porcentaje de ablandamiento durante el período de almacenamiento. Además, se evaluó la viabilidad de Listeria monocytogenes Scott A y Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 durante el periodo de fermentación del repollo colorado/Undaria. Mientras que, la viabilidad de Zygosaccharomyces bailli NRRL-7256 se estudió durante el periodo de almacenamiento a 5 °C. Por último, se evaluó la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido total de fenoles del producto repollo colorado/Undaria al finalizar el periodo de almacenamiento (50 días, 5 °C). Resultados y discusión: Se aislaron 407 cepas a partir de las fermentaciones espontáneas de los vegetales Brassica y se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 120. Solo cinco BAL autóctonas se seleccionaron por sus propiedades funcionales y tecnológicas. Las cepas seleccionadas exhibieron habilidad para adaptarse a las condiciones imperantes durante la fermentación (pH bajo, 3% de NaCl y tolerancia a polifenoles). Además, las cepas exhibieron una alta tasa de acidificación, actividad pectinasa y tanasa, producción de exopolisacáridos, y ausencia de los factores de virulencia evaluados. Las cepas de BAL seleccionadas se identificaron genotípicamente como Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. jonggajibkimchii, Ln. mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ssp. argentoratensis, L. plantarum y L. pentosus. Dos cepas de Lactiplantibacillus spp. seleccionadas exhibieron actividad antimicrobiana contra bacterias patógenas Gram positivas y amplificaron genes de plantaricinas. La población de BAL exhibió una evolución similar durante la fermentación espontánea y controlada; sin embargo, los valores de pH decrecieron significativamente durante el primer día en la fermentación controlada de ambos modelos. El contenido total de fenoles no exhibió una tendencia al comparar los diferentes tipos de fermentaciones
(controlada y espontánea); esto dependió del tipo de extracto y vegetal utilizado. La fermentación controlada de ambos modelos exhibió una mayor actividad antioxidante que la fermentación espontánea correspondiente para todos los vegetales. Los modelos combinados con Undaria presentaron mayor o similar concentración de contenido total de fenoles que los modelos Brassica correspondientes al finalizar el proceso controlado, los resultados dependieron del tipo de extracto y vegetal estudiado; sin embargo, en ningún caso se observaron valores significativamente menores. Un comportamiento
similar se determinó para la capacidad antioxidante, al finalizar la fermentación, los modelos combinados con algas exhibieron igual o mayor capacidad que los modelos de Brassica correspondientes; a excepción de los extractos acuosos del modelo akusai/Undaria, el cual alcanzó un menor valor que el modelo akusai mediante el método CUPRAC. Los extractos de repollo colorado y repollo colorado/Undaria exhibieron un contenido total de fenoles y una capacidad antioxidante mayor que los otros modelos, independientemente del tipo de fermentación. Al finalizar la experiencia, los productos fermentados obtenidos a partir de los modelos combinados exhibieron un similar recuento microbiano, ≈105 UFC/g de BAL y de aerobios totales, ≤102 UFC/g de levaduras y <101 UFC/g de coliformes totales. En el análisis sensorial, >50% de los panelistas calificaron el sabor de los alimentos con un valor ≥5, “Me gusta levemente”. El producto repollo colorado/Undaria exhibió el mayor porcentaje de panelistas, en comparación con los demás modelos combinados, que calificaron los atributos acidez y salado con una intensidad ideal, 50% y 64,3%, respectivamente. Los modelos akusai/Undaria y repollo blanco/Undaria presentaron algunos cambios en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y la textura durante el periodo de almacenamiento, mientras que el repollo colorado/Undaria se mantuvo relativamente estable. El proceso de fermentación controlada del modelo repollo colorado/Undaria aseguró la reducción de la población de Listeria monocytogenes Scott A y Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, logrando un producto final inocuo. Además, este modelo exhibió un efecto antifúngico sobre el desarrollo de Zygosaccharomyces bailii NRRL-7256 durante el periodo de almacenamiento. Por último, se observó una reducción significativa en la capacidad antioxidante y en el contenido total de fenoles del repollo colorado/Undaria almacenado durante 50 días a 5 °C. Conclusión: El modelo repollo colorado/Undaria se seleccionó entre los estudiados. Este producto fermentado exhibió un mayor contenido total de fenoles y capacidad antioxidante, entre los modelos combinados estudiados. Aunque el alga utilizada no incrementó la capacidad antioxidante en repollo colorado/Undaria, tampoco la redujo, al realizar la comparación con el modelo simple (repollo colorado). Además, la incorporación de Undaria permite una mayor diversidad de compuestos bioactivos, minerales y vitaminas, aportando así elementos adicionales a la dieta. A diferencia de los otros modelos combinados, el repollo colorado/Undaria fue el más aceptado por los consumidores y no presentó cambios durante el almacenamiento. Sin embargo, este producto exhibió una reducción significativa en el contenido total de fenoles y en la capacidad antioxidante al finalizar un extenso periodo de almacenamiento. Posteriormente, sería necesario evaluar los diferentes factores que influyen sobre las propiedades nutricionales de este producto durante el almacenamiento refrigerado.
Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are involved in the production of fermented foods. These bacteria play an essential role in the food industry due to their significant contribution to the sensory characteristics, therapeutic and nutritional properties of food products. The use of starter cultures in vegetable fermentation has been increasing only recently, a difference from other fermented food. They reduce the occurrence of abnormal fermentations and, in addition, the products obtained guarantee relatively uniform characteristics. The selection of autochthonous starters was suggested to achieve better tailored for the specific plant matrix. Technological and functional properties, as well as sensorial and nutritional criteria of interest for the selection LAB starters, have been described. Brassica vegetables are widely cultivated and consumed all over the world. These vegetables are rich in fiber, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Besides, dietary antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds, vitamins, and carotenoids in these vegetables, contribute to defense against oxidative stress. In parallel, several reports exhibited seaweed as a new candidate to be used as a health-promoting food ingredient due to its balanced nutritional value and abundance of bioactive compounds. The Patagonia coasts were invaded by Undaria pinnatifida 30 years ago; this brown seaweed spread over Argentina's coastline, forming dense subtidal seaweed beds and, consequently, changing the ecosystem. Therefore, the abundance of this resource constitutes an attractive scenario for the local production of new functional food. Study objects and methods: This study aimed to select LAB based on their biotechnological properties to ferment plant-based material (Brassica) and Undaria algae, giving rise to products of stable quality, innocuous, and with high nutritional and functional value. Spontaneous fermentation of four Brassica vegetables (pak choi, white, red, and chinese cabbage) was performed to isolate and select autochthonous LAB, which were evaluated for technological properties and tested for their capacity as starter cultures. Molecular identification of selected LAB strains was conducted by amplification of the 16S rDNA gene. The two-step controlled fermentation was carried out with LAB selected by their biotechnological properties. Simple and combined models were studied during its controlled fermentation (18 °C for 30 days). The three simple models were performed with chinese, white, and red cabbage, fermented individually. Then, the three combined models were carried out with each Brassica vegetable and 20% algae: chinese cabbage/Undaria, white cabbage/Undaria, and red cabbage/Undaria. Spontaneous fermentations of each model were carried out as a comparison parameter. Microbiological changes and pH were monitored throughout spontaneous and controlled fermentations. Water and methanol extracts were carried out from samples obtained throughout the different fermentations of the studied models. 2,2 Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging assay and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay were used to measure the antioxidant activity and the Folin- Ciocalteau method to determine total phenolic content in the water and methanol extracts. Microbiological quality and sensory analysis were evaluated in the fermented products of the sectioned model. Moreover, the pH, titratable acidity, °Brix, and water activity were determined in the products before and after of storage period (50 days, 5 °C). The back extrusion test of fermented products was evaluated with an Instron Universal testing machine, and the percentage of softening was calculated during the storage period. Moreover, the survival characteristic of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 during red cabbage/Undaria model fermentation were investigated. While the survival characteristic of Zygosaccharomyces bailii NRRL-7256 throughout storage at 5 °C of red cabbage/Undaria model was studied. Finally, the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of the red cabbage/Undaria were determined at the end of the storage period (50 days, 5 °C). Results and discussion: Four hundred-seven strains were isolated from the spontaneous fermentations of Brassica vegetables, and 120 strains were randomly selected. Only five autochthonous LAB were selected for their technological and functional properties. Selected strains displayed the ability to adapt to the fermentation conditions (low pH, 3% NaCl, tolerance to polyphenols). They exhibited high acidification rate, pectinase and tannase activity, exopolysaccharide production, and absence of virulence factors. Selected bacteria were genotypically identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. jonggajibkimchii, Ln. mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ssp. argentoratensis, L. plantarum and L. pentosus. Two selected Lactiplantibacillus spp. strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria and amplified plantaricin genes. The LAB population exhibited a similar evolution in the controlled and spontaneous fermentation; however, the pH values decreased significantly during the first days in the controlled fermentation of both models. In both models, the total phenolic content did not show a trend when comparing the different fermentations (spontaneous and controlled); it depended on the type of extract and vegetable. Controlled fermentation of both models exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the corresponding spontaneous fermentations for all the vegetables. Models combined with Undaria exhibited a higher or comparable total phenolic content concentration than the corresponding Brassica models at the end of the controlled fermentation; the result depended on the type of extract and vegetable studied; however, in no case were significantly lower values observed. The same behavior was determined for the antioxidant capacity; at the end of the fermentation, the models combined with the algae showed equal or higher capacity than the corresponding Brassica models; except for the aqueous extract of the chinese cabbage/Undaria model, which exhibited lower reducing capacity than the chinese cabbage model using the CUPRAC method. Red cabbage and red cabbage/Undaria extracts exhibited a total phenolic content and antioxidant activity higher than other models, regardless of the type of fermentation. At the end of the experience, fermented products obtained from combined models, displayed similar microbial counts between them, LAB and total aerobes ≈105 CFU/g, yeast count ≤102 CFU/g, and total coliforms <101 CFU/g. In the sensory analysis, >50% of the judges scored the flavor of all the ferments with a value ≥5, "I like mild". The red cabbage/Undaria model exhibited the highest percentage of judges who rated the attributes acidity and salty with an ideal intensity, 50% and 64.29%, respectively, compared to the other products. In general, the chinese cabbage/Undaria and white cabbage/Undaria models exhibited some changes in the physicochemical properties and texture, while the red cabbage/Undaria model remained stable during store period. The controlled fermentation process of the red cabbage/Undaria model ensured the reduction of the population of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, achieving an innocuous final product. Moreover, this model exhibited a fungistatic effect on the development of Zygosaccharomyces bailii NRRL-7256 during the storage period. Refrigerated storage for 50 days caused a significant reduction on the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of the red cabbage/Undaria. Conclusion: Red cabbage/Undaria was selected among the models studied. Red cabbage/Undaria exhibited higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity between the combination models. Although this seaweed did not increase the antioxidant capacity in red cabbage/Undaria, it was neither reduced compared to the simple model (red cabbage). Moreover, incorporating Undaria allows for a broader diversity of bioactive compounds, minerals, and vitamins, thus supplying additional elements to the diet. Unlike the other combined models, red cabbage/Undaria was the most accepted by consumers and did not exhibit changes during storage. However, this product exhibited a significant reduction in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity at the end of the refrigerated storage period. Subsequently, would be necessary to evaluate the different aspects that influence the nutritional properties of this product during chilled storage.
Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are involved in the production of fermented foods. These bacteria play an essential role in the food industry due to their significant contribution to the sensory characteristics, therapeutic and nutritional properties of food products. The use of starter cultures in vegetable fermentation has been increasing only recently, a difference from other fermented food. They reduce the occurrence of abnormal fermentations and, in addition, the products obtained guarantee relatively uniform characteristics. The selection of autochthonous starters was suggested to achieve better tailored for the specific plant matrix. Technological and functional properties, as well as sensorial and nutritional criteria of interest for the selection LAB starters, have been described. Brassica vegetables are widely cultivated and consumed all over the world. These vegetables are rich in fiber, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Besides, dietary antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds, vitamins, and carotenoids in these vegetables, contribute to defense against oxidative stress. In parallel, several reports exhibited seaweed as a new candidate to be used as a health-promoting food ingredient due to its balanced nutritional value and abundance of bioactive compounds. The Patagonia coasts were invaded by Undaria pinnatifida 30 years ago; this brown seaweed spread over Argentina's coastline, forming dense subtidal seaweed beds and, consequently, changing the ecosystem. Therefore, the abundance of this resource constitutes an attractive scenario for the local production of new functional food. Study objects and methods: This study aimed to select LAB based on their biotechnological properties to ferment plant-based material (Brassica) and Undaria algae, giving rise to products of stable quality, innocuous, and with high nutritional and functional value. Spontaneous fermentation of four Brassica vegetables (pak choi, white, red, and chinese cabbage) was performed to isolate and select autochthonous LAB, which were evaluated for technological properties and tested for their capacity as starter cultures. Molecular identification of selected LAB strains was conducted by amplification of the 16S rDNA gene. The two-step controlled fermentation was carried out with LAB selected by their biotechnological properties. Simple and combined models were studied during its controlled fermentation (18 °C for 30 days). The three simple models were performed with chinese, white, and red cabbage, fermented individually. Then, the three combined models were carried out with each Brassica vegetable and 20% algae: chinese cabbage/Undaria, white cabbage/Undaria, and red cabbage/Undaria. Spontaneous fermentations of each model were carried out as a comparison parameter. Microbiological changes and pH were monitored throughout spontaneous and controlled fermentations. Water and methanol extracts were carried out from samples obtained throughout the different fermentations of the studied models. 2,2 Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging assay and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay were used to measure the antioxidant activity and the Folin- Ciocalteau method to determine total phenolic content in the water and methanol extracts. Microbiological quality and sensory analysis were evaluated in the fermented products of the sectioned model. Moreover, the pH, titratable acidity, °Brix, and water activity were determined in the products before and after of storage period (50 days, 5 °C). The back extrusion test of fermented products was evaluated with an Instron Universal testing machine, and the percentage of softening was calculated during the storage period. Moreover, the survival characteristic of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 during red cabbage/Undaria model fermentation were investigated. While the survival characteristic of Zygosaccharomyces bailii NRRL-7256 throughout storage at 5 °C of red cabbage/Undaria model was studied. Finally, the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of the red cabbage/Undaria were determined at the end of the storage period (50 days, 5 °C). Results and discussion: Four hundred-seven strains were isolated from the spontaneous fermentations of Brassica vegetables, and 120 strains were randomly selected. Only five autochthonous LAB were selected for their technological and functional properties. Selected strains displayed the ability to adapt to the fermentation conditions (low pH, 3% NaCl, tolerance to polyphenols). They exhibited high acidification rate, pectinase and tannase activity, exopolysaccharide production, and absence of virulence factors. Selected bacteria were genotypically identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. jonggajibkimchii, Ln. mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ssp. argentoratensis, L. plantarum and L. pentosus. Two selected Lactiplantibacillus spp. strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria and amplified plantaricin genes. The LAB population exhibited a similar evolution in the controlled and spontaneous fermentation; however, the pH values decreased significantly during the first days in the controlled fermentation of both models. In both models, the total phenolic content did not show a trend when comparing the different fermentations (spontaneous and controlled); it depended on the type of extract and vegetable. Controlled fermentation of both models exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the corresponding spontaneous fermentations for all the vegetables. Models combined with Undaria exhibited a higher or comparable total phenolic content concentration than the corresponding Brassica models at the end of the controlled fermentation; the result depended on the type of extract and vegetable studied; however, in no case were significantly lower values observed. The same behavior was determined for the antioxidant capacity; at the end of the fermentation, the models combined with the algae showed equal or higher capacity than the corresponding Brassica models; except for the aqueous extract of the chinese cabbage/Undaria model, which exhibited lower reducing capacity than the chinese cabbage model using the CUPRAC method. Red cabbage and red cabbage/Undaria extracts exhibited a total phenolic content and antioxidant activity higher than other models, regardless of the type of fermentation. At the end of the experience, fermented products obtained from combined models, displayed similar microbial counts between them, LAB and total aerobes ≈105 CFU/g, yeast count ≤102 CFU/g, and total coliforms <101 CFU/g. In the sensory analysis, >50% of the judges scored the flavor of all the ferments with a value ≥5, "I like mild". The red cabbage/Undaria model exhibited the highest percentage of judges who rated the attributes acidity and salty with an ideal intensity, 50% and 64.29%, respectively, compared to the other products. In general, the chinese cabbage/Undaria and white cabbage/Undaria models exhibited some changes in the physicochemical properties and texture, while the red cabbage/Undaria model remained stable during store period. The controlled fermentation process of the red cabbage/Undaria model ensured the reduction of the population of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, achieving an innocuous final product. Moreover, this model exhibited a fungistatic effect on the development of Zygosaccharomyces bailii NRRL-7256 during the storage period. Refrigerated storage for 50 days caused a significant reduction on the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of the red cabbage/Undaria. Conclusion: Red cabbage/Undaria was selected among the models studied. Red cabbage/Undaria exhibited higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity between the combination models. Although this seaweed did not increase the antioxidant capacity in red cabbage/Undaria, it was neither reduced compared to the simple model (red cabbage). Moreover, incorporating Undaria allows for a broader diversity of bioactive compounds, minerals, and vitamins, thus supplying additional elements to the diet. Unlike the other combined models, red cabbage/Undaria was the most accepted by consumers and did not exhibit changes during storage. However, this product exhibited a significant reduction in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity at the end of the refrigerated storage period. Subsequently, would be necessary to evaluate the different aspects that influence the nutritional properties of this product during chilled storage.
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Parada, Romina Belén. (2022). Selección y uso de bacterias lácticas para el procesamiento de crucíferas y del alga undaria mediante fermentación. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.